Constantine I (27 February between c. 272 to 282 AD – died 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337. What most people remember about him is that he converted to Christianity and to be honest little else.
In his day the Roman Empire was divided into two 'Augustus,' one ruling in the east, Diocletian, and one in the west, Maximian. Beneath them were two lesser rulers called 'Caesar.' Constantius I Chlorus the father of Constantine in the west, and Galerius in the east. During 305 AD Diocletian and Maximian retired! Unusual even then, and the Caesars became Augustus. This sounds fine in theory but human nature never changes. Constantius I Chlorus was a sick man, deservedly so as he had been attacking those living north of Hadrian's Wall. He died soon after taking office and as is the way the Roman troops, few of whom were actually Roman by this time, called for Constantine to become Augustus. This happened at York, then called Eboracum, and there followed a period of civil war before Constantine became sole ruler of the Empire in 324 AD, and his opponents went the way of all would-be emperors.
A list of Emperors covering some 300 years I saw some years ago revealed that around 10 died in their beds, the rest died in unfortunate circumstances.
The new Emperor had to reform the army, soon to be almost under total Germanic control, into a defence and border control authority. he amended the currency and separated the military and civil authorities, normal government you might say, though always according to his wishes.
In October 312 Constantine defeated the 'would-be' Emperor Maxentius at the 'Battle of the Milivian Bridge.' The stories re Constantine and this battle are covered by the 'fog of war' and propaganda. Long before Constantine like other Emperors had encouraged toleration of religion, including Christians. Here however, we find the soldiers shields had the sign ☧ engraved upon them, and Constantine claimed, according to some, that he had a dream of the cross with the words 'In this sign you shall conquer,' which led him to believe Jesus was with him.
The truth is so well hidden by the ages it is hard to know what really occurred here.
However, Constantine himself believed that Christianity was the way forward, though with a mass of pagan believers in his Empire he was not going to favour one before the rest, though he made it clear what he thought.
Was this Christianity as we know it? His theology was poor and somewhat embarrassing for the Bishops who now surrounded him. It is likely he would fail to become a Baptists preacher in this day and age. However, while he urged 'unity' amongst all, and saw 'unity' in the churches, once in power the lack of unity caused by theological arguments (whish were beyond him) disheartened him greatly.
Major points such as 'Arianism,' dominated the church, and in some places still does, and the Latins and Greeks varying forms would drive him mad today.
However, the quality of the church was lessened by ecclesiastical hierarchy, the introduction of pomp copied from Byzantium, candles and robes abounding all of which has an effect on the churches today.
Constantine took over Byzantium and created a city in his own image.
A great deal of building was required, people were forced into the city, mostly pagan of course, and this was to be the great centre of the new powerhouse for over a thousand years.
The Emperor was brutal at times, his son Crispus, and Fausta were both eliminated for dubious reasons, though inheritance possibly was involved. This also indicated what would happen to any son who thought he could remove the ruler!
Wars to the north and with Persia in the east were dealt with in varying fashion. People are always on the move. Migration has always been part of life, we forget this. Wars, disaster, greed are all to be found as a cause of migration. It was no different for Constantine and his problem with the various Goths to the north, tribes in north Africa, and the Armenians and Persian to the east.
During 337 the Emperor realised his illness was a fatal one and requested Baptism. Partly he had avoided this so as to avoid upsetting important pagans, also at the time it was thought that sin after baptism was unforgiven, and so he wished to be baptised close to his death. The Bishop who baptised his was Arian, revealing his theological understanding.
A full life and a powerful one, but not as Christian as some would like.
Michael Grants book hopes to help us understand all about this man. This is made difficult by the lack of trustworthy records. Most available either laud Constantine for his Christian works, or denounce him for upsetting pagans. Neither appear balanced. Coins indicate many of his events, the shields of his army also, archaeology tries to help but many of the buildings he erected have been destroyed or rebuilt. Even those at the Holy Sepulchre and in Nazareth built by his mother Helena, have been amended over the years. Few remain. No matter how great a man you are soon afterwards you are forgotten.
Michael Grants book I found a wee bit harder than expected because he tries to offer all the arguments, all the possible dates, and all evidence and speculation on offer. While this is good it also gets a wee bit confusing, especially where names are concerned. This however, may be by advancing senility rather the the authors fault.
I read the book quite quickly in spite of these things and would recommend this to others. I must say however, that I would like another book on this man to see a different opinion.
But maybe that is just me.
